Copper Facts Chemical and Physical Properties

Copper is a well-known element because of its distinctive reddish metallic color and because it occurs in pure form in daily life. Here is a collection of facts about this beautiful transition metal: Fast Facts: Copper Element Symbol: CuAtomic Number: 29Atomic Weight: 63.546Appearance: Reddish-orange solid metalGroup: Group 11 (transition metal)Period: Period 4Discovery: Middle East (9000 BC) Essential Copper Facts Atomic Number: The atomic number for copper is 29, which means every copper atom contains 29 protons. Symbol: Cu (from Latin: cuprum) Atomic Weight: 63.546 Discovery: Copper has been known since prehistoric time. It has been mined for more than 5000 years. Mankind has used the metal since at least 9000 BC in the Middle East. A copper pendant dated to 8700 BC was found in Iraq. Scientists believe only iron from meteorites and gold were used by people earlier than copper. Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s1 3d10 Word Origin: Latin cuprum: from the isle of Cyprus, which is famed for its copper mines and Old English coper and copper. The modern name copper first came into use around 1530. Properties: Copper has a melting point of 1083.4 /- 0.2Â °C, boiling point of 2567Â °C, specific gravity of 8.96 (20Â °C), with a valence of 1 or 2. Copper is reddish colored and takes a bright metallic luster. It is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of electricity and heat. It is second only to silver as an electrical conductor. Uses: Copper is widely used in the electrical industry. In addition to many other uses, copper is used in plumbing and for cookware. Brass and bronze are two important copper alloys. Copper compounds are toxic to invertebrates and are used as algicides and pesticides. Copper compounds are used in analytical chemistry, as in the use of Fehlings solution to test for sugar. American coins contain copper. Sources: Sometimes copper appears in its native state. It is found in many minerals, including malachite, cuprite, bornite, azurite, and chalcopyrite. Copper ore deposits are known in North America, South America, and Africa. Copper is obtained by smelting, leaching, and electrolysis of the copper sulfides, oxides, and carbonates. Copper is commercially available at a purity of 99.999 %. Element Classification: Transition Metal Isotopes: There are 28 known isotopes of copper ranging from Cu-53 to Cu-80. There are two stable isotopes: Cu-63 (69.15% abundance) and Cu-65 (30.85% abundance). Copper Physical Data Density (g/cc): 8.96 Melting Point (K): 1356.6 Boiling Point (K): 2840 Appearance: Malleable, ductile, reddish-brown metal Atomic Radius (pm): 128 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 7.1 Covalent Radius (pm): 117 Ionic Radius: 72 (2e) 96 (1e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.385 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 13.01 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 304.6 Debye Temperature (K): 315.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.90 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 745.0 Oxidation States: 2, 1 Lattice Structure: Face-Centered Cubic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.610 CAS Registry Number: 7440-50-8 Copper Trivia Copper has been used since ancient times. Historians even call the period of time between the Neolithic and Bronze Ages the Copper Age.Copper(I) burns blue in a flame test.Copper(II) burns green in a flame test.Coppers atomic symbol Cu is derived from the Latin term cuprum meaning metal of Cyprus.Copper sulfate compounds are used to prevent fungus and algae growth in standing water supplies such as ponds and fountains.Copper is a red-orange metal that darkens to a brown color as it is exposed to air. If it is exposed to air and water, it will form a verdigris of blue-green.Copper has an abundance of 80 parts per million in the Earths crust.Copper has an abundance of 2.5 x 10-4 mg/L in sea water.Copper sheets were added to the bottom of ships to prevent biofouling where seaweed, assorted other greenery and barnacles would cling to ships and slow them down. Today, copper is mixed into the paint used to paint the underside of ships. Sources Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). CRC press. ISBN 0-8493-0485-7. Kim, BE. Mechanisms for copper acquisition, distribution and regulation. Nat Chem Biol., T. Nevitt, DJ Thiele, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, March 2008, Bethesda MD. Massaro, Edward J., ed. (2002). Handbook of Copper Pharmacology and Toxicology. Humana Press. ISBN 0-89603-943-9. Smith, William F. Hashemi, Javad (2003). Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 223. ISBN 0-07-292194-3. Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Human Science And Natural Science - 1276 Words

Disagreement may aid the pursuit of knowledge in the natural and human sciences because disagreement leads to new discoveries. Disagreement is about gathering reliable knowledge as well as using this newfound knowledge, and occurs when a group fails to reach a consensus over the logic of an argument. Knowledge is composed of facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education. Two areas of knowledge that are impacted by disagreement are human science and natural science. Human science is the study of human behavior and how humans gather information. Natural science is a branch of science that deals with the physical world. In order for a disagreement to occur, one must be familiar with the subject and have his or her own prediction that is different from the norm. Therefore, to advance knowledge in the areas of human and natural science, people must disagree. The roles of logic, reason, and emotion will be investigated to see how they are used to help gain new knowledge in both human and natural science. Many knowledge claims in human and natural science are based on theories. Jean Lamarck proposed the theory of evolution in 1801. The theory of evolution proposed by Lamarck was based on the idea that organisms had to change their behavior to survive. For instance, if a giraffe stretched it neck for a long period of time to reach the leaves as the top of the tree, then a â€Å"nervous fluid† would flow in the neck and make it longer. Thus, itsShow MoreRelatedNatural Sciences And Human Sciences1560 Words   |  7 Pagesexample of this are natural sciences. Years ago science was trying to describe how the world around us worked, but thanks to developments and new technologies, natural sciences have been able to use that knowledge to create great changes in the world. However, even today some areas of knowledge seek to only describe the world. Human sciences, is an example of this, as it often only generates theories that describe processes or behaviors. Both natural sciences and human sciences, use description asRead MoreThe Natural And Human Science1381 Words   |  6 Pagesbehaviorism in political science research. It does also lead to interpretation. The difference between behavioral and interpretive studies is that behavioral study of politics would be to make an assumption and predict causes of certain phenomena’s. Interpretative takes one’s values and uses that to find a solution without so much jumping to a conclusion. Kuhn, Gunnell, Taylor, and Webber analyze the meanings of value and interpretation and how it affects social/ political science research and societiesRead More Theories in the Human Sciences and Natural Sciences Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesWhat it is about the theories of human sciences and natural sciences that make them so convincing? When focusing on the human sciences and natural sciences, one might wonder why we believe what we believe. In general, human science can be defined as a social science, or anything that deals with human behavior in its social and cultural aspects (Bastian 190). Natural science is more often thought of as regular science. It is an organized undertaking that focuses on gathering knowledgeRead MoreExplanation And Prediction Of The Human Sciences And Natural Sciences Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagespredict and therefore suggest knowledge. Emotion, reason, intuition and memory are essential in order to arrive at an explanation, and consequently many give explanation a high level of credence. However, my thesis is that even though the human sciences and natural sciences use explanation as a prerequisite for prediction, this procedure shouldn’t be used as the model by which one arrives at new knowledge. Instead we should be critical of the process and the link between explan ation and prediction. UnderstandingRead MoreThe Relevance of Maps in Natural and Human Sciences1260 Words   |  5 Pagesused to simplify the knowledge, it wouldn’t have been relevant in the situation. What I plan to do in this essay is to explore what it means to simplify knowledge as well as discussing the relevance of maps in two areas of knowledge; Natural Sciences and Human Sciences, as well as discuss the extent to which a map simplifies knowledge. Simplifying knowledge means breaking it down from a complex form to a form in which most people would understand. This question is saying that the only reason a mapRead MoreWhat Is It About Theories in the Human Sciences and Natural Sciences That Makes Them Convincing798 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I was very young, my science teacher taught me Charles Darwin’s evolution theory, and I never doubted that theory since Darwin is a well-known scientist and the authority in the field of biology. Until one day, I became a Christian; I need to accept another theory which is that human beings are created by God. My knowledge had a crash. I have never seen neither earlier species develop to human beings nor God creates human beings by using mud. That is when I started to question the knowledgeRead MoreTOK Essay: What is it About Theories in the Human Sciences and Natural Sciences That Makes Them Convincing?1476 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Revolution of science, the western world has va lued the scientific improvement over any other, placing scientific theories and leaders on the base above their equals in lower sectors of society such as leaders within the business sector or governmental leaders, which leads to the question: Why is it that the Sciences and theories are held in such as great respects? With the two different areas of knowledge what results and consequences, do these two different sciences utilize methods suchRead MoreIs the Knowledge We Gain from the Natural Sciences More Reliable Than the Knowledge We Gain from the Human Sciences1228 Words   |  5 PagesIs the knowledge we gain from the NATURAL SCIENCES more reliable than the knowledge we gain from the HUMAN SCIENCES? When I first pondered over the question in class confidently my thoughts were natural sciences, of course, but before long I was left bewildered. I realized I had taken the reliability of all sciences for granted, who’s to say any one is more reliable than the other? What even makes something reliable? I strongly believe the reliability of knowledge soundly depends on the varietyRead MoreEssay Positivists 1421 Words   |  6 Pagesreality by applying methods of natural sciences in sociology . For them, reality exists independently of the human mind and nature is made up of objective, observable, physical facts that are external to our minds. They believe that like matter, humans are directed by an external stimuli-the society-and they act accordingly (example: functionalism, Marxism). By analyzing quantitative data, positivists simply seek to discover laws of cause and effect that determine human behavior. One of the first positivistsRead MoreScience Throughout the Ages912 Words   |  4 PagesThe term Science comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning knowledge. The definition of science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. An older term of science refers to a body of knowledge itself, of anything that can be successfully applied to a situation. Someone who practices science is known as a scientist. Modern science has been traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the

The Lion as Symbol in Art Free Essays

string(67) " lion has often been represented slaying\) the lion is victorious\." The lion has been a symbol in art since the origins of artistic representation have been documented (in pre-historic cave drawings to the later representation of the lion on city walls, coins, and household items such as vases and plates).   The lion in present day art realms is a symbol of strength and power[1].   The lion in more distant times was concurrent with these themes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lion as Symbol in Art or any similar topic only for you Order Now    In order for a clear representation of the lion to be presented a look into its past dealing with art must be expounded.   Since artist draw the world around them, it must be inferred that in ancient Iran the lion was a prevalent animal and the artists of the time saw its powerful capabilities and associated that power with their own kings.   However, the lion is not a solitarily presented animal; it has other animal counter-parts such as the bull[2], the snake, the camel, the deer, etc.   In order for a precise discussion of the lion to be represented, these counterparts must also be included. These animals are the prey for the lion.   The lion show dominance over the above-mentioned animals, and in artistic representations of this battle, the viewer may infer the artist’s intention by how the lion is depicted, but first, some history about the lion in art, A study of the iconographies on vaes, seals, etc., from the earliest settlements of the Persian, Elamite and Mesopotamien area throughout the ages down to the Assyrian, Achaemenian and Seleucid periods, reeals a perfectly astrounding continuity of tradition in regard to a considerable part of the contellations, such as they were eventually transmitted to the Greeks.   That those uncounted reprentations of bulls, lions, scorpions and other figures, such ast he seven-headed hydra under the lion or the god with streams floating from his shoulders, are meant to be constellations, is in most cases clearly indicated by star symbols or by typical combinations and confrontations of two or more such astronomical elements, or else by other typical concomitant motifs.  Ã‚   (Hartner The Conquering Lion 1964, 162). Thus, the lion was attributed to natural scenes found around the artist.   Since stars were such a dramatic and essential part of agrarian culture, it is not so far-fetched to believe that these artistic peoples placed the lion (a dominant figure in their own society both feared and revered) in the sky as a symbol, along with other animals (bull, bird, deer, etc.).   The calendar was instrumental in the daily lives of these people because it told them when certain seasons would arrive, when to plant crops, etc. and so, they continuously looked toward the skies for knowledge and inspiration:   In order to fully understand what they saw they gave common day items constellations by which to know the sky and by extension the season.   The Greeks or the Hellenistic calendar[3] as well as the Hispano-Islamic calendar[4] the solar year was understood and remembered.   Therefore, constellations that are known today referred to as Leo, Taurus, etc, had their roots in ancient times. There was a symbolic and veritable battle taking place in the heavens for each of these cultures with their constellations.   As such, the two prominent constellations were Leo and Taurus.   They were in opposition to each other even in 4000 B.C. In the first half of February (counting according to the Gregorian Calendar), the constellations called later the â€Å"Hired Laborer† and the ‘plow’ had their heliacal rising and thereby indicated the time for Spring plowing, harrowing and sowing.   Just during this period, on February 10, the Pleiades, i.e. the leading star group of the Bull, Taurus, had their heliacal setting, i.e. were seen for the last time in the course of the year, to remain invisible (because in conjunction with the Sun) until, after 20 days, they rose again (heliacal rising), to indicate Spring equinox.   Now at the very moment of the Pleiades’ heliacal setting (February 10, 4000 B.C.), the constellation of   Leo, standing 90 degrees apart, at the Persepolis or Ur occupies exactly the zenith, the â€Å"Royal Star†, Regulus-sarru, culminating at ca. 8 degrees distance from the zenith point.   (Hartner, 163). The significance in ancient culture of the above event was that it was interpreted as the victory of the lion over the bull.   The constellation Leo is at its apex during this time and is directly above the observer’s head and in its full spectrum of power.   It then is symbolic in this position has having killed the bull who has been escaping its equinox below the horizon to ‘hide behind the sun’s rays’.   After the lapsed time of 40 days will the constellation Taurus reappear and gain strength will the constellation Leo diminishes and set[5].   This is the classic Lion-Bull combat and can be seen in a plethora of paintings from this time to present art.   (Hartner (163). As the Lion-Bull combat is dominant in Iranian art, especially with the lion as the victor is it imperative to juxtapose the lion with regality.   As such, one artistically representation piece that incorporates the beast is found on the cloak of Roger the second.   This cloak was created in Palermo around 528 H./A.D.   The cloak has an Arabic inscription that reads that the intention of the cloak is made for precise use for the treasury of the ‘Sicilian capital’ (Hartner 164).   Thus, the symbolic language of the cloak highlights the significance of the lion as representation of power , as Hartner states, â€Å"Indeed, the recent conquest of and rule over an Arab land, as well as Roger’s concern for the conversion of the ‘Saracens’, could not be better expressed than by the age-old motif of the lion slaying a big but weaker animal.   In this case, the latter was appropriately given in the shape of a camel† (164). The expression of the cloak is that of triumph over conquests and glory in those triumphs.   Not only is the lion in representation of royalty but also of military prowess.   In battle with different animals (snake, gazelle, bird, as the lion has often been represented slaying) the lion is victorious. You read "The Lion as Symbol in Art" in category "Essay examples"   In cultural context, the lion’s symbols remain constant.   In Islam, for instance, the Great Mosque of Amid there is an archway that is framed on either side by the Lion-Bull motif.   These figures are excellently sculpted and juxtapose each other in a mirror image.   These figures were aesthetic by design but they also had political undertones The double scenes of the lion overcoming a bull would, according to van Berchem’s ingenious hypothesis, signify the tyrannical power exercised by the Nisanid over the Inalids; this assumption—and in particular the identification of the Inalid amir with a bull—is supported by another symbolic representation close to an inscription on the city’s Aleepo Gate of 579 †¦Here the conqueror of the Inalids and of Diyarbakr, the Artuqid Muhammad, represents his victory by means of the emblem of a bird of prey over a bull’s head, which would again represent the same dynasty†¦(but the lion)should be regarded as a symbol of secular power. (Hartner, 166). In the early sixth and seventh centuries the lion stands out as a central motif.   The lion is a political symbol representing the power of one kingdom over another.   The lion essentially is a symbol of great power.   This is represented in the enameled dish of the Artuqid Dawud b. Sukman b. Artuq of Hisn-Kaifa[6] which has a classic lion motif.   The lion is pictured in the dish with a deer in the upper right.   There are other animals pictured on the dish as well, all quadrupeds or birds.   These animals are dominant over weaker animals (the birds of prey are more powerful that is) just as the lion overtakes the deer, so do the birds reflect this predator/prey balance.   The central figure on the dish is Alexander the Great, ‘that is the apotheosis of the archetype of world ruler† (Hartner 166), so, the dish adequately represents the power symbol in the animal kingdom with the figure of one of the greatest rulers. The lion and the bull are prevalent in a power struggle throughout out, and the lion remains the victor of this battle.   Another prime example of this symbol can be witnessed on the gate of the citadel of Diyarbakr.   This symbol is associated with ancient Islam, as it existed in abundance in the art found in Umayyad near Jericho.   Here, there is mosaic dà ©cor that emphasizes the lion.   In the bathhouse in the palace, there is a mosaic room that is nonrepresentational and is mainly filled with geometric shapes, which was the aesthetic of the times, however, on the raised apse, where most likely the lord of the palace resided while in attendance is the mosaic scene of a lion and gazelles. This is a very naturalistic representation and more than likely the artist rendered it in accordance to true scenes found outside the palace.   The way in which this scene is compiled is reminiscent of Byzantine or Roman art.   The lion being incorporated onto the apse was not the only representation of power, but in the placement of the lion on the chair of the power figure of the palace is where strength could also be symbolized, as Hartner states, â€Å"This is underlined by the fact that the stucco figure of a ruler on the ceremonial gateway to the bath house complex is standing on two lions so that in this milieu the ion obviously had a royal connotation.   On the other hand, there has been found at Antioch a sixth-century mosaic frieze in which, on either side of trees, a wild beast is always juxtaposed to a tame animal†¦renders the older concept of uncompromising rule by the paramount power† (167). The lion as a symbol carried into other art forms as well such as the textile print based on the concepts of the lion permeated by the Sasanian era.   The silk depicts two hunters on horses with wings while in the foreground is a field of lions.   The lions are roaring in a berserk fashion.   Each rider is simultaneously holding up a lion cub.   The unique factor on the silk textile is that neither hunter holds a solitary weapon.   The figures then are representational of kings since they are surrounded with regal animals (not only the lions and cubs but also an eagle in the background) and their power can be seen in the fact that they do not have any weapons but rely on inner strength to hold the cubs. The Sasanian era is a plethora of lions being represented in art.   Assyrians were great supporters of the idea of lions as the king of the jungle and related this fact in artistic forms of their own kings or in art pieces were they wished to connote power, Assyrians regarded lions much like human enemies and were thus eager to have their triumphs over them faithfully rendered; the image of the royal beast was then transformed into the conqueror himself, which meant that the kings identified themselves with the lion, be it in the metaphorical language of the historical accounts or visually, in the form or a royal emblem.   In this manner, the lion was shown in the act of triumph over the mighty bull, as we see it on the Boston disc[7].   Here the symbolic character appears quite evident from the fact that the ferocious lion looms so much larger than the less vitally rendered bovine animal, as it represented the point of view of patron and artist.   Such usage explains also why this motif occurs, for instance, as a design on the embroidered tunic of the ninth-century King Assurnasirpal (Hartner 168). The lion bull combat then is depicted as a regal power struggle with the lion being the victor.   This can be seen not only in the fact that the lion is, and has been the symbol of power but also in the way in which the battle is placed in relation to other objects (as was demonstrated on the apse and the picture of the owner atop two other lions, which showed dominance) as can be demonstrated by the great Apadana staircases.   Although the symbolism of royalty is not directed connoted with the lion, the juxtaposition of the relief can be found next to   an inscription by Xerxes which states, â€Å"of this wide, far-stretching earth† which is in reference to his celestial appointment.   (Hartner 169). The lion was also once on the flag representing Iran with the lion in front of the sun[8] and a sword in its grip.   The Iranians then have a prominent history involving the lion which seems to be a source unto itself as a symbol of kingly strength, as Hartner infers, At this point it is appropriate to indicate that a comparison of the Achaemenid reliefs with the earlier Assyrian version reveals that the Iranians had made great progress in perfecting the design.   While originally the symbolic situation necessitated the sharp contrast between a large, dynamic, and realistically rendered lion and a smaller, more inert and stylized bull, the actual relationship between the two animals is vague and remains artistically unresolved (169). The lion then becomes allegory in Iranian art, not only as it has been depicted in the past but as it is being represented in modern Iran as well.   Albeit, the lion has become more realistically draw in scale with the bull, so that the dominance of this beast over the lesser and inadequately equipped for battle quadruped, is exerted as an even more astounding display of heroics, dominance and strength.   Since the smaller lion is capable of defeating the more enormous bull, the association of a king with such allegory is representation of the king, though with lesser forces, can defeat his enemy who has many. Work Cited Adams, Liliana Osses.   (2003).   Sumerian Harps from Ur.   (Online).   Available: http://www.zwoje-scrolls.com/zwoje35/text11p.htm. Dorfles, Gillo.   (March 1957).   Communication and Symbol in the Work of Art.   The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism.   Vol. 15, No. 3.   pp.   289-297. Hartner, Willy.   (December 31, 1964).   The Conquering Lion, the Life Cycle of a Symbol. Oriens, Vol. 17.   pp.   161-171. Janson, H.W. Anthony F. Janson.   (1997).   History of Art.   Fifth Edition Revised.   Prentice Hall, Inc., and Harry Abrams, Inc., Publishers.   New York. [1] The epic of Gilgamesh derives from Mesopotamian culture (Adams 2003) involving a super-human man, two-thirds god and one-third human.   Thus, the theme of the lion with human qualities or humans with super-human qualities likened to animals is not strictly found in Iran.   In the translated stone tablets that exist of the story Gilgamesh is king of Uruk in Babylonia, which is located today in modern Iraq.   The story, historically, takes place approximately 2700 B.C. however; the story itself was only orally passed between audiences until being written in cuneiform in 2000 B.C.. [2] The bull did not reside in the culture of Iran alone but throughout the Middle East.   As Gilgamesh was given as an example prior, the bull is found in this story as well with Gilgamesh conquering the bull as depicted on the Lyre found in the British museum of London. This Lyre stresses the importance of music in Uruk as well as in Mesopotamia.   The pictorial representations of Gilgamesh on the lyre are very elaborate and innovative.   The image of the bull is greatly utilized in Mesopotamian art and on the Harp or Lyre of Ur at the British Museum the animalistic traits and images is no different.   The significance of the bull on the harp is that Gilgamesh slew the sacred bull at the walls of the Ishtar Temple.   The harp was then reputedly clothes in garments of gold and adorned with horns and then Gilgamesh dedicated it to his father [3] From 200 B.C. but Ptolemy is attributed with making a calendar as early as 150 A.D. [4] from the 10th century. [5] Not only is the Lion-Bull combat well-known and represented in art, but there is also the Lion-Deer combat that also has its settings with the stars, and will discussed later in the thesis. [6] This period is between 508 and 538, and the dish being discussed is thought to have been created by a Persian-speaking craftsman who may have leaved around Iran or in Central Asia in general. [7] The Boston disc being referenced is that found in Khorsabad which is supposedly the shield that had belonged to the Assyrian King Sargon the second. [8] The sun is a symbol of eternal life, as is the lion.   The sun represents fertility since in agrarian culture it made plants grow.   The sun is a duality just as much as the lion is one because while the sun is impressive in its scope of aiding in growth it can also be deadly as in times of draught. How to cite The Lion as Symbol in Art, Essay examples

National Academy of Neuropsychology †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the National Academy of Neuropsychology. Answer: Introduction: When I worked under the assistant manager of Woolworth then I observed that a mentor can be a person who has an upper ranking in the working place. I also analyzed that a mentor have also higher experience as compared to other employees. The mentor can support the mentees to develop their professional as well as personal life[1]. Mentors can be a role model who aids to accept, confirm, protect, and friendship with the mentee. A mentor can observe, counsels, listens, challenges, coaches, and promote to the mentee[2]. I learned about different kinds of ethical parameters and responsibilities for both mentors and mentee such as ethical code of practices, limitation and expectation, confidentiality, equality and diversity, training, ethical standards, and ensuring the quality. I learned that if an individual is a work as mentee and motor then they have needed to create their understanding of the code of conduct. It can be implied for mentoring the relationship between mentee and mentor[3]. I also analyzed that the main aim of the code of conduct practices is to identify the responsibility, consistency, and get a reliable result. In addition, I also observed that the mentor and mentees are aware to the boundaries and expectation for making a robust relationship. I also analyzed that the mentors and mentees should be clear and honest regarding their expectations and need. I notified that the mentor and mentees should respect each other along with this they also aware of their own duties to make an eff ective relationship between the mentor and mentee. The mentees and mentor make an agreement for conducting ethically during the work[4]. I learned that the mentoring relationship can be effective to obtain a positive outcome. It can also be positive impact some significant factors such as employee, employer, mentor, and professional[5]. I observed that the employee or an individual can take the benefits from the monitoring relationship because a mentor has greater experience and knowledge that give the advice to improve their professional skills systematically. In addition, I also notified that a mentor can show a task front of the employee and lead them through problem-solving and critique the work of employee or individual. Hence, it is also evaluated that the mentoring can positive impact on the performance of mentees along with support to getting a reliable result[6]. Beside this, I also learned that the employer of a mentor can be increased by employee or mentees through getting the higher productivity in an organization. I also understood that in can a mentor do mistake in their job then it can decline the productivity of the company and reduce the level of mentor employer. I observed that the mentoring relationship can enable the mentees to get higher job satisfaction, which can create the positive atmosphere at the workplace. I gained my knowledge how mentoring relationship can influence the mentors. It can also be analyzed that the mentoring can give the opportunity to lead other that can enhance the confidence of mentors and increase the satisfaction level of mentor towards their job[7]. I notified that the mentor can focus on listening to mentees concern and develop the better knowledge about the mentees issues and robust communication skills. In addition, it is also evaluated that in case a mentor supervises other systematically then it can improve their supervisory skills. I also learned that a mentor and employee can keep the professional connection in long term. It can also support to enhance the reputation and connections of employees. I observed that the mentoring can provide benefit to the employee by increasing their communication and problem-solving skills. It enabled the business to become a more innovative and concentrate on its growth than the training. In addition, it is also analyzed that value collaboration and data share can lead to the robust organization. I also analyzed that the mentoring can improve the personal and professional life of mentees. On the other side, I observed that many institute or organization structure of mentoring wherein an experienced employee shared their experience to the subordinates and guide them. I also learned that some of the organization can select a mentor and the mentoring relationship can occur in an informal way. In addition, it can also be evaluated that monitoring can provide many benefits along with some drawbacks. The drawbacks can decline the chance of success in the organization. I also analyzed that a mentee can increase their sense of achievement by mentors feedback and evaluation of their growth. The mentor can force the employees to meet the specified work in the less time. As a result, it can create the stress among mentees in the workplace. A mentor can increase the satisfaction level of mentees but at the same time, it can be said that the way of giving instruction can create the complexity towards the achievement of the specified goal[8]. In addition, I also analyzed that the mentor can also create the frustration in the working place. I also observed that a mentor can feel that the mentees are not quickly working in the working place then they cannot offer reliable and valid information to mentees, as a result, create the frustration in the workplace. The mentees feel frustrated if they do not get actual guidelines to the mentors about their issues[9]. It can create the problem for mentors in long-term. I observed that in case the mentor and mentee relationship is not good then it can create the problem to attain the specified goal in less time and cost. I also learned that if organizations assign an employee who has better experience to lead the new mentees and they have already many tasks then it can be a major issue in the mentoring. Therefore, it can be said that the mentoring can direct impact on the productivity of an organization[10]. Effectiveness of own mentoring experience I observed that the mentoring can increase the skills of management and development that can lead to improving my professional and personal life in long-term. I analyzed that the mentoring can help to evaluate our own interest and readiness towards selecting any mentor and understand their behaviors. It can also support to gain the trust and maintain the relationship. I analyzed that the motivation is necessary for enhancing the productivity of an organization. I gain my motivation level from the mentoring that can be supportive to make a relationship with other and become a mentor in the upcoming period. It can also be evaluated that the motivation techniques can enable the employees to get the valid and accurate outcome in less time and cost[11]. In this placement, I exhibited three major skills such as some problem solving, interpersonal skills, and teamwork. The problem-solving skills support me to make a robust relationship with a mentor because problem-solving enabled me to address the problem in depth. At the same time, I also observed that interpersonal and teamwork skills supported to get the feasible result in the specified time and cost. I analyzed that there are three factors such as lack of confidence, listening skills, and lack of using modern technology that needs to make improve. It is also observed that the lack of confidence can decline my performance along with influence my personal life[12]. Hence, I need to more focus on this skill to improve it effectively. I also detected that lack of listening skill can also a barrier for me to improve my personal and professional life. References Avendal, C. (2015). Social work in Ghana: Engaging traditional actors in professional practices.Journal of Comparative Social Work,6 no. 2. Garca-Pealvo, F. J., Cruz-Benito, J., Conde, M. ., and Griffiths, D. 2014.Virtual placements for informatics students in open source business across Europe. InFrontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 2014 IEEE(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Garvey, B., Garvey, R., Stokes, P., and Megginson, D. 2017.Coaching and mentoring: Theory and practice. USA: Sage. Gopee, N. 2015.Mentoring and supervision in healthcare. USA: Sage. Graves, S. L., Proctor, S. L., and Aston, C. 2014. Professional roles and practices of school psychologists in urban schools.Psychology in the Schools,51 no. 4: 384-394. Halliday, M. A. K., and Hasan, R. 201).Cohesion in English. UK: Routledge. Hedman, U. 2015. J-Tweeters: Pointing towards a new set of professional practices and norms in journalism. Digital Journalism, 3 no. 2: 279-297. Johnson, W. B., and Ridley, C. R. 2015.The Elements of Mentoring: The 65 Key Elements of Coaching. USA: St. Martin's Press. Kerry, T., and Mayes, A. S. 2014.Issues in mentoring. UK: Routledge. Leech, G. N. 2016.Principles of Pragmatics. UK: Routledge. Sweet, J. J., Benson, L. M., Nelson, N. W., and Moberg, P. J. 2015. The American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology, National Academy of Neuropsychology, and Society for Clinical Neuropsychology (APA Division 40) 2015 TCN professional practice and salary survey: Professional practices, beliefs, and incomes of US neuropsychologists.The Clinical Neuropsychologist,29 no. 8: 1069-1162. Witten, I. H., Frank, E., Hall, M. A., and Pal, C. J. 2016.Data Mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques. USA: Morgan Kaufmann.

12 Years a Slave and Crossing the River Postcolonial Critique free essay sample

In the words of Kurt Vonnegut, â€Å"all this happened, more or less.† Despite the fact that time-travel and World War II (aka Slaughterhouse Five) have absolutely no relevance here, the quote still stands as a remembrance of sorts. Slavery in the colonial period happened more than less, actually. From the 16th to 19th centuries, the British Empire orchestrated the greatest institution of oppression through the Atlantic slave trade, subsequently producing unconscious bigotry and racialized fantasies. As a postcolonial United States absconded from the political, cultural and economic ways of Great Britain, imperialism remained as a consequence of the human colonialism of slavery. Steve McQueen’s adaptation of 12 Years a Slave depicts the legacy of slavery and racism, and its relation to the African American diaspora. Through the collapse of identity and white prevalence, 12 Years a Slave subverts order and chaos in postcolonial America with efforts to decolonize the mind . The film offers an autobiographical account of a freed black man, Solomon Northup (Chiwetel Ejiofor), who –in 1841- is kidnapped after being enticed with a job offer, and sold into slavery. We will write a custom essay sample on 12 Years a Slave and Crossing the River: Postcolonial Critique or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through Northup’s inexplicable struggles, McQueen provides a striking glimpse into a painful chapter of American’s history, which was shaped and influenced by former colonial powers. Although 12 Years a Slave imparts a 19th century narrative, McQueen manipulates the archetype to depict the justifications of slavery through colonialism, and the detached lens of his postcolonial subaltern protagonist, Solomon Northup. Needless to say, the director offers an account of imperialist tropes and racialized fantasies; still, we can render McQueen’s film as a postcolonial canon, since it offers a moment of reflection on the troubled history and identity of Blacks from a colonial context. Although the movie focuses primarily on African American studies, it nonetheless proves to be postcolonial, despite Ashcroft’s belief that the two fields â€Å"are vastly different disciplines† (KCPS 151). Both share the goal of destabilizing racial hierarchies, and exploiting power relationships between the colonizer/colonized and master/slave (which can be examined through colonial discourse). Thus, discrimination and racism towards black slaves in the United States and diasporic individuals (as a result of colonialism) become synonymous through the theory of neocolonialism. Under these circumstances, 12 Years a Slave and Caryl Phillips’ Crossing the River come to be one in the same through their want to reclaim and recover ethnic identity, and decolonize those internalized mindsets. In both McQueen’s adaptation and Phillips’ novel, slaves are depicted as capital incarnate, or living debts and impersonal obligations that were foisted upon them by their status as commercial objects. One of the major plantation and slave owners in the film, Edwin Epps (played by Michael Fassbender), can be seen as an extension of James Hamilton in â€Å"Crossing the River†. Each man in his â€Å"God-fearing† mentality personify the notion of commercial detachment, which essentially allows him to participate in the slave trade while maintaining a Christian belief. Thus, slavery became justified solely through the idea that it was a means for capital enterprise. Throughout 12 Years a Slave, the diversity of characters is conveyed through Solomon’s rather detached outlook, which inevitably fails him in his attempts to stereotypically classify slave proprietors as rogues, and the slaves uniformly as heroes. While this is actually a good thing, it allowed McQueen to subtly hint that the institution of slavery made masters and plantation overseers abusive and indifferent to human suffering. Subsequently, this notion parallels Phillip’s underlying argument of unconscious bigotry throughout Crossing the River. Each unrelated chapter alludes to the idea that men were not fundamentally cruel, and instead, was born into systems in which they had no control. The behaviors and conducts of the collective group shaped people’s perceptions of the right and wrong practiced. Over time, those notions became so deeply etched in the mind that no rational evidence to contrary could unlearn said inscriptions, i.e. Hamilton’s disregard for slaves as equal humans, Edwards naivety in â€Å"The Pagan Coast,† etc. By the same token, Phillip’s characters mimic the same detachment as Solomon Northup; their inability to recognize the situation at large shows the multinational diaspora through generations, and renders them as mere sketches of real people. However, McQueen’s adaptation consequently offers juxtaposition to Phillip’s novel; the former gives a narrative perspective of the slave, whereas the former looks at history from a different angle, through the prism of those normally written out of the stories (or viewed as the culprit). In any case, both the film and novel mutually agree upon the idea that bigotry was inscribed in the culture, not the person. With this being said, we can look at 12 Years a Slave as an anti-conques t film, despite the fact that it actively employs the Us-Them binary (i.e. the white vs. the black; the master vs. the slave). Nevertheless, Solomon resists the culture of the colonizer, regardless of the inflicted violence. While Northup is mercilessly beaten into denial of his freedom, slave owners revoke his identity by changing his name to Plat. Although he has been ascribed a new identification, Northup voices the fact that his name is Solomon throughout the movie. In efforts to decolonize his mind, he rejects the binary and upsets white prevalence by expressing his freedom. 12 Years a Slave ultimately demonstrates that the complexity of slavery lies in the fact that the consequences of it live longer than the persons involved in it do, much like that of â€Å"West.† In both cases, the notion of slavery manifests from the traditional definition of the institutional practices of buying and selling people, to having an excessive dependence on something that hold one captive (i.e. Joyce’s marriage to Len vs. Edwin Epps marriage to his Mistress). Through Northup’s narrative and Phillips ’ characters taking on different forms of gender, age, and race, we come to see how slavery was oppressive to all persons. Consequently, colonialism and slavery had the ability to affect the colonized people and its colonizers. Regardless, McQueen forces the viewer to sit through the 2 hours and 13 minutes entirely (unlike a book which one is able to put down at any time). He confronts the audience with the most disturbing of scenes and leaves an impression unbearable to the heart. Alternatively, reading subjects one to employ their own imagination; the events put forth become constructions of the mind, and the perceptions between readers vary. In 12 Years a Slave, McQueen does all of this and more by unifying the audience through feelings of horror and despair. His adaptation was virtually so intolerable, that the element of entertainment was completely obscured. Thus, the use of art cinema transforms the classical narrative and makes the unimaginable, imaginable. But I digress. At any rate, McQueen implies the redundant moral of physical struggle between noble, forbearing African Americans and white ma dmen, which leaves us grieving for those who never knew freedom outside a postcolonial America.

Do Schools Kill Creativity Essays

Do Schools Kill Creativity Essays Do Schools Kill Creativity Essay Do Schools Kill Creativity Essay Lindsey Claire Galt Dr. Lee March American Government October 3, 2012 Do Schools Kill Creativity? If you search almost anywhere on the internet about creativity and public schools you will run into a video by a man named Sir Ken Robinson. He emphasizes that schools kill creativity in every way. On the other hand, President Barack Obama disagrees whole heartedly. Both of these men agree that creativity is important to children and schools but they disagree on whether or not creativity is being implemented in schools. Robinson stated in his lectured at TED 2006, â€Å"I believe this passionately, that we don’t grow into creativity, we grow out of it. Or rather, we get educated out of it† (Ken Robinson. TED2006). He goes to say that education is the same all around the world and everyone puts emphasis on the same subjects. â€Å"At the top are mathematics and languages, then the humanities, and the bottom are the arts† (Robinson). Schools are so focused on standardized test scores and core subjects that the arts are left behind. There is also a common belief that as school budgets are cut the first things to go are the arts. One thing many agree on is that creativity is a very important factor in a child life and must flourish for the child to become successful. Obama believes the opposite of what Ken Robinson believes is occurring, saying that schools are taking a great initiative to bring back creativity to our public schools. In a speech at Benjamin Banneker High School in 2011, President Obama told students, â€Å"You’ve got to wonder. You’ve got to question. You’ve got to explore. And every once in a while, you need to color outside the lines† (Barack Obama. Back-to-School Speech†). Several states, have instated a â€Å"Creativity Index† which instead of just telling the state school’s standardized test scores will tell â€Å"how effective it is at â€Å"teaching, encouraging and fostering creativity in students†Ã¢â‚¬  (Philip Petrov. â€Å"Measuring Creativity in the Public Schools†). When discussing creativity in the public school sys tem, one person’s opinion can drastically differ from another. Most can agree that creativity has been pushed aside in favor of the sciences and mathematics in the past. Two main opinions that ost people share are school kill creativity or creativity is beginning to blossom in public schools. Ken Robinson’s opinion is widely accepted and discussed. Some universities even use his video as a basis for a course. Robinson states that the purpose of public education is to â€Å"produce university professors† and as children get older schools focus more on one side of the brain, the left. He says that the whole reason for public education being created was to â€Å"meet the needs of industrialism†, now â€Å"the whole system of public education around the world is a protracted process of university entrance†. The problem with this, according to Robison, is that because schools focus on core subjects, students that are very creative â€Å"think they’re not, because the thing that they were good at at school wasn’t valued, or actually stigmatized†. Also, over the years degrees have become less valuable. Where once a BA was required, now a MA is required and it becomes a lot harder to get a job. The difficulty of finding a job discourages students from achieving those degrees (Robinson. TED2006). A lot of people believe that school these days is strictly focused on standardized testing. These tests are so standardized that it makes it hard for children that don’t fit the mold to pass. This causes schools to lose money for more creative endeavors and children to think that they are inadequate. Mark LeShay believes that schools are â€Å"systematically eliminating creativity, the very thinking that we now find ourselves in shortage of to solve healthcare issues and to reset global policy†. Businesses are working hard to hire and create employees that are creative while schools are teaching children the opposite. Our country needs people to think outside the box but â€Å"we find people bred in a system that punishes mistakes. LeShay thinks that â€Å"our public education system is at the end of its life. † (LeShay) When most children start of school in preschool and early elementary they are told to do nothing but be creative. Once they hit about third grade the standardized tests start to take over and creativity is suppressed to make room for all of the facts that children must memorize to pass the exams. There are negatives and positives about this. The 2004 New York State Education Department’s policy brief stated that the positive effects of high stakes exams were that they â€Å"provide students with clear info about their own skills, motivate students to work harder in school, send clearer messages to students about what to study and help students associate ad align personal efforts with rewards†. The negative effects were that high stakes exams â€Å"frustrate students and discourage them from trying, make students more competitive, and cause students to devalue grades and assessments†. These tests put a lot of pressure on the students as well as the teachers and they are so stressed out about making the scores that they need to keep their jobs and schools that other things like creativity and individualism are lost (New York State Education Department 9-12) The goals of education are controversial and not many people can agree on what they are. A commonly shared opinion of the â€Å"purpose of education is to prepare students for the â€Å"real world† to â€Å"succeed†Ã¢â‚¬ . Children are constantly being prepared for the workforce and what will come later in life. Another goal of education is to teach students how to socialize and communicate† which will prepare them for adulthood. Dara Adib believes that if schools harm socialization they will harm â€Å"creativity and reasoning†. Adib thinks that â€Å"school instills fear, overwhelming students with the possibility of getting a bad grade. Unnecessary control, brainwashing, and disc ouragement harm the possibility of independent thought by teaching a mindset of conformity, measured through grades and tests† (Adib). Adib states that the problem with education at this time is that â€Å"concepts are introduced, covered very quickly, and then left behind because it’s time to move on to another concept†. This causes students to not be able to retain large amounts of information because new things are constantly being added to the piles of information they must keep track of. The reason that so many people that become billionaires are drop outs it because they were not able to conform and had to let their creativity blossom. Schools teach students how to conform and be like everyone else. â€Å"After children have attended school for a while, they become more cautious and less innovative . . . teachers, peers, and the educational system as a whole all diminish children’s urge to express their creative possibilities† (Dacey amp; Lennon). Some of the ways that it is believed that schools suppress creativity to the point of extinction are surveillance, evaluation, rewards, competition, over control, restricting choice, and most of all pressure. Teachers must constantly hover over children to make sure that they are on task which causes them to be paranoid about whether they are doing what they are supposed to. Second, children are constantly evaluation on their progress. Grades are so important to children. Their parents want to know how they are doing in school and with quizzes, tests, projects, and papers constantly being assigned and graded children are too worried about how they will do to be proud of their accomplishments and show a more creative side. There are also rewards. Parents and teachers use prizes to influence children to do what they are told so that just being creative for the sake of creativity is no longer valued. Over-control and restricting choices are also two big factors. Teachers have to give very specific instructions so that students will know exactly how to do something so that originality and the ability to think for themselves are lost. Lastly, there is so much pressure for children to do well that they lose the enjoyment of the activity. There are usually very high expectations for children. They must always improve and are not allowed to take a break. The guidelines for schools are so strict that it is impossible for children to meet them and often they go beyond their â€Å"developmental capabilities† (Goleman, Kaufman, amp; Ray (61-62) One reason that people say schools need to add back creativity is that the U. S. Workforce is demanding creative workers. The Report: Ready to Innovate used polls taken from â€Å"155 school superintendents and 89 employers† to determine what demonstrates creativity and what the greatest indicator of creativity was. There is a miscommunication between employers and schools on what constitutes as creativity. Both agree that â€Å"ability to identify new patterns of behavior or new combination of actions and integration of knowledge across different disciplines† are very high creativity indicators. Where they disagree is what the highest demonstration of creativity is. Businesses say that â€Å"problem-identification or articulation† is the best demonstrator of creativity while schools say that problem-solving shows the greatest amount of creativity. Because of this disagreement â€Å"eighty-five percent of employers concerned with hiring creative people say they can’t find the applicants they seek†. The two groups of people also disagree about whether or not their workers/students meet all of the criteria or not. What they overwhelmingly do agree on is that â€Å"creativity is increasingly important in U. S. workplaces and that arts-training are crucial to developing creativity† (Lichtenberg, et al. 2-3). In 2010, The George Lucas Educational Foundation asked if school standards kill creativity. Claus von Zastrow concluded that standards could support instead of suppress creativity. He says that standards create thoughts of uniformity causing people to shy away from them. Because when schools get low scores they get budget cuts schools have been forced to teach to test giving standards a bad rap. Despite this there are schools that make it a priority to help their students creativity flourish. A school in Ohio actually had students do creative projects based on state standards. Some teachers are so afraid that they will not be able to finish the curriculum if they do not strictly adhere to the standards. Zastrow disagrees and says that projects and other creative activities can help the teacher meet their standards and students become more creative (Zastrow). An elementary school in Ohio put this into practice. The fifth graders of the National Inventers Hall of Fame School were given the task of finding out how to reduce sound in the library. They worked in groups, supported each other, wrote proposals, and designed ways to muffle sound. Throughout the entire project the kids were able to show their creativity while working hard. They enjoyed themselves and were able to think like adults. At the end of the project the children had not only completed a project, but met all of the fifth-grade curriculum requirements. The children understood â€Å"sound waves to per-unit cost calculations to the art of persuasive writing† (Bronson amp; Merryman) While America is starting to work on creativity the focus is still on raising test scores in core subjects. Other countries have different approaches to their education systems. China is coming up with different ways to assess students in a way that does not let schools be ranked by standardized test scores. Some of the stratagies include â€Å"granting more flexibility and autonomy to students and schools in deciding what to learn, more courses outside traditional disciplines, and a more authentic assessment and evaluation scheme. The United Kingdom is working to â€Å"build stronger links† with other countries and their education system. Singapore has launched a curriculum reform that â€Å"develops students into a community of active, creative learners with critical-thinking skills. South Korea has worked to foster â€Å"self-motivated capacity and implement(s) learner-oriented education that suits students’ capability, aptitude, and career-development needs† (Yong Zhao 13-14) Also in 2010, Newsweek did an article about the â€Å"Creativity Crisis†. Reporters Po Bronson and Ashley Merryman delved into the research about the d ecline in American creativity and how it could be fixed. The definition of creativity was different for almost everyone that was interviewed in the research. This made it very hard to come up with a concrete definition to compare to. The accepted definition was â€Å"the production of something original and useful†. The research that Bronson and Merryman looked at way from a study by E. Paul Torrance. Torrance conducted tests on 400 children from Minneapolis. These children were then tracked for fifty years and every accomplishment was recorded. Since then Torrance’s tests have â€Å"become the gold standard in creativity assessment†. His creativity index predicted the outcomes of the children. Based on his research many states are now working on their own creativity indexes to figure out what levels their schools are at and how successful their children will be. Other countries are taking great initiative to bring back creativity. Britain â€Å"revamped† its secondary-school curriculum to fit in with Torrance’s tests. Some even say that instead of just enhancing the arts, the arts should be added into to all the classes students will take (Bronson amp; Merryman). Massachusetts has become a leading force in the creativity movement. The Massachusetts Creativity Index is â€Å"based in part on the creative opportunities in each school as measured by the availability of classes and before-school and after-school programs . . . that provide creative opportunities for students including . . arts education, debate clubs, science fairs, theatre performances, concerts, filmmaking and independent research. † The Legislation resisted combining creativity with the arts because they wanted creativity to be measured not only in the arts but in other courses. The indexes and efforts being made are just beginning to form but they are al ready getting a lot of attention from other states. This index is being implemented involuntarily unlike the index being created in California (Petrov). Two other states that are working hard to foster creativity in schools are California and Oklahoma. The state legislature is working to create an Advisory committee on Creative and Innovative Education. The Senate Bill 789 is â€Å"similar to the one already signed by the Governor of Massachusetts† and will create an Index similar to Torrance’s to inspire creativity in their public schools. This bill would â€Å"require the Governor, Senate Committee on Rules, and Speaker of the Assembly to appoint 15 members who would be required to be experts in, or have experience in, the fields of education, public policy, artistic development, workforce development, or cultural development. These people would be spread throughout the state. This index being created by the California Legislature would give teachers and schools a way to rate their progress to better nurture creativity and innovation in their students. It also is a voluntary index. U. S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan believes that â€Å"The arts can no longer be treated as a frill†¦Arts education is esse ntial to stimulating the creativity and innovation that will prove critical for young Americans competing in a global economy. Duncan has also stated that the Education Department will start conducting surveys of â€Å"school principals, music teachers, and visual arts specialists† which has not happened for ten years. He is working with Obama on this project (Eger). In his Back-To-School speech in 2011 President Barack Obama stated what he thought school was for. He believes that schools is for â€Å"discovering new passions, acquiring new skills† and preparing for future careers. Obama goes on to say that while in school it is important to study a wide variety of subjects to discover what people want to do later in life. One hour you can be an artist; the next, an author; the next, a scientist, or a historian, or a carpenter. † The Presidents also admits that he was not always very good in school but after taking an ethics class in eighth grade he discovered he like it. Obama told the students that attended his speech that the country needed their creativity and that it was crucial to the success of the country (Obama) There are two main views on creativity in public schools. While the general consensus is that creativity is vital to a child’s development the disagreement is whether or not schools enhance or inhibit a child’s creativity. One is that schools kill and suppress creativity. That side argues that standardized test and evaluations of students constantly put too much stress on teachers and students and creativity is left in the dust. They believe that education is about getting students ready for the â€Å"real world† and the constant pressure work will have on them. Children that do not fit into the general mold are discouraged from doing what they love and are good at. The workforce is constantly looking for higher degrees so a high school or college degree is no longer valued and those students are discouraged from even trying in school anymore. Standardized tests are a large argument that this side makes. Standardized tests cause students to have to focus on memorizing so much material that they do not learn what is really important and cannot let their creativity shine. The children that are not good at tests start to think that they are bad at school and lose faith in the education system. This is a bad thing because the workforce is looking for more and more creative people these days. The goals of education have become blurry and old ideas are no longer valued or practiced. This makes students hate school and think it is a bad thing because all of the so called â€Å"good goals of education† are no longer used and school is based almost solely on testing. The other side to creativity in schools is the group that agrees that in the past there have been problems but presently there are a lot of things being done to make creativity a large part of education again. Because the workforce is so demanding of creative workers, schools have started to make creativity a more important goal in the classroom. Some schools are finding better ways to meet the entire curriculum that must be taught in a way that makes students be creative and think for themselves. A lot of states in the United States are implementing â€Å"Creativity Index’s† which are standards that show how well creativity is being taught and encouraged in schools. This is a good way to add back creativity to the system because it allows for the schools to keep having standards like they are used but are still able to incorporate creativity back into the system. The United States is not the only country working to add back creativity. Countries all over Europe and Asia are finding ways to help their students become more creative and actually enjoy school. For a child to flourish in the workforce and in their own lives creativity must be present. Without creativity, everyone would be uniform and there would be no new ideas. If steps are not being taken to make creativity important to the education system our country and world will crumble. No matter what any person’s opinion on whether or not creativity is killed or encouraged by schools, most people believe that education is very important to a child’s success in life and must be encouraged throughout their entire educational career. Adib, Dara. â€Å"The Goals of Education† 12 Aug. 2010. Web. 20 Sept. 2012 ocf. berkeley. edu/~daradib/rants/education/ Bennett, Vicki, Kyou Han Koh and Alexander Repenning. â€Å"Cs Education Re-Kindles Creativity in Public Schools. † Web. 20 Sept. 2012. http://scalablegamedesign. cs. colorado. edu/gamewiki/images/9/92/Sp134-bennett. df Bronson, Po and Merryman, Ashley. â€Å"The Creativity Crisis† The Daily Beast. Newsweek Mag. , 10 Jul. 2010. Web. 20 Sept. 2012. thedailybeast. com/newsweek/2010/07/10/the-creativity-crisis. html Eger, John. â€Å"Measuring Creativity in California and the Nation. † Huff Post. The Huffington Post. , 14 Apr. 2011. Web. 19 Sept. 2012 huffingtonpost. com/john-m- eger/measuring-creativity-in-c_b_848375. html Leshay, Marc. â€Å"Public Schools: A Systemic Race to the Bottom† PDF File. 20 Sept. 2012. csupomona. edu/~collins/journal/Public%20Schools%20A%20systemic%20race%20to%20the%20bottom. df Lichtenberg, James et al. â€Å"Ready to Innovate† The Conference Board. 2008. Web. 24 Sept. 2012 arts. texas. gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ready_to_innovate. pdf â€Å"The Impact of High-Stakes Exams on Students and Teachers†. Policy Brief. New York State Education Department. Aug. 2004. Web. 20 Sept. 2012 oms. nysed. gov/faru/TheImpactofHighStakesExams_files/The_Impact_of_High-Stakes_Exams. pdf Obama, Barack. â€Å"Third Annual Back to School Speech† Benjamin Banneker High School. Washington D. C. 28 Sept. 2011. Web. 15 Sept. 2012 whitehouse. ov/photos-and-video/video/2011/09/28/president-obama-s-third-annual-back-school-speech#transcript Petrov, Philip. â€Å"Measuring Creativity in the public Schools† Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review. Harvard CRCL. 7 Feb. Web. 18 Sept. 2012 http://harvardcrcl. org/2012/02/07/measuring-creativity-in-the-public-schools/ Robinson, Ken. â€Å"Ken Robinson says schools kill creativity† TED 2006. Feb. 2006. Web. 10 Sept. 2012 ted. com/talks/ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativity. html Wilson, Leslie. â€Å"Discouraging Creativity In Children†. Creativity Killers. 2002. Web.

Jurisprudence Research Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jurisprudence Project - Research Paper Example This essay covers the criminal perspective of jurisprudence focusing on a murder case and the death penalty. Historical development of capital punishment The death penalty came up after (18) eighteen years failure to execute convicts, arising from the Supreme Court’s moratorium as issued in the case of Furman v. Georgia 408 U.S 238 (1972) (Burton, 2007) where the learned justice held death penalty to be cruel and discriminatory applied to the poor, Negros and low class people. Thereafter, the supreme court reinstated the death penalty by imposing the death penalty, the case law of Gregg v. Georgia 428 U.S. 153 (1976) (Burton, 2007). In New York Court of Appeal in the case of People v. Davis 43, N.Y.2d 17 (1977) ruled that the death penalty violated the Eighth Amendment on Human rights this followed that, in the subsequent years, New York Legislature passed new capital punishment statutes every year only to be abolished by the ruling governors. Later in 1994 a governor who promised to bring back the capital punishment got elected to represent New York, after which the 1995 death penalty statute got passed, this saw many prosecutors oppose capital punishment as a mechanism of deterring violent crimes (Burton, 2007). Some declared never to infer death penalty. The people started challenging death penalty until the Court of Appeal in the case of People v. Lavalle 3 N.Y.3d 88 (2004) ruled that at the close of a penalty trial, the clause the judge should inform the jury that on failing to agree on the punishment, then death imprisonment would be effected, violated New York Constitution (Melvin, 1992). Despite the ruling in Lavalle’s case above, the prosecutor in the case of John Taylor continued pursuing the death penalty that the jury had not agreed on the punishment (Betty, 1995). The defense objected on the constitutionality of this provision on the jury’s agreement.

Case Study on Cafe Espresso Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

On Cafe Espresso - Case Study Example Thus, from being the number one in the market, Caf Espresso has slipped to the number three position. Internally, the company suffers high staff turnover and low employee morale thus, hampering the ability of the workforce to convey excellent customer service. In this situation, two personalities have been instrumental in regaining the leadership which had been enjoyed by the specialty coffee retailer-the charismatic Chief Executive Officer Ben Thomson and the new global HR director Kam Patel. In solving the problem that the company faces, Ben Thomson has drawn the company's intended direction while Kam Patel aligned its workforce with the identified goals and objectives. This example illustrates how strategic human resource management works in a business organisation. The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) defines strategic human resource management as a "general approach to the strategic management of human resources in accordance to the intentions of the organisation on the future direction it wants to take" adding that "it is concerned with longer-term people issues and macro-concerns about structure, quality, culture, values, commitment, and matching resources to future need." What becomes apparent in these definitions is the function of the human resource department to align the company's workforce for the attainment of its goals. Human resource alignment calls for the integration of people with the results the company is trying to obtain (CIPD 2007). Doing this provides various benefits for a business organisation. In the case of Caf Espresso, this is manifested by the competitive advantage that it enjoys from the alignment.The importance of human resource in a business organization is emphasized by strategic human reso urce management. John Purcell who is known to have pioneered in this field, highlighted the importance of employees in his research which emphasized the huge role played by the company's workforce as "strategic partners." This research strongly supports the highly economist viewpoint of Grant (2002: 219) of "aligning employees with organizational goals." Schuler and Jackson (1987) gave a more precise description on how management should "align" their workforce to support the company crafted strategy. Their conclusion was: If management chooses a competitive strategy of differentiation through product innovation, this would call for high levels of creative, risk-orientated and cooperative behaviour. The company's HR practices would therefore need to emphasise "selecting highly skilled individuals, giving employees more discretion, using minimal controls, making greater investment in human resources, providing more resources for experimentation, allowing and even rewarding failure and appraising performance for its long run implications" - on the other hand if management wants to pursue cost leadership (the model) suggests designing jobs which are fairly repetitive, training workers as little as is practical, cutting staff numbers to the minimum and rewarding high output and predictable behaviour.

TOWER OF LONDON (LONDON) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

TOWER OF LONDON (LONDON) - Essay Example The Tower of London which is also known as ‘Her Majesty’s Royal Palace and Fortress’ is the royal palace of England which is made up of several buildings. The Tower of London was made in order to control and protect the whole city. The architecture is a complex that consists of several buildings and is surrounded by a moat and defensive walls. It is a significantly important landmark in London famous for the several features that it has. The White Tower was built in 1078 by William the Conqueror and was marked as a symbol of oppression which was imposed by the new elites. The castle has been used for many purposes from being a prison to a royal residence. One of its most important features is that its Jewel House houses the Crown Jewels which include symbols of royalty, a collection of crowns, swords, rings, and scepters. These historical items and the layers of history which is related to the Tower of London is what make it significant since it was built and till today (Cline 14). The Tower of London was built in 1066 by William the Conqueror and it holds immense universal value because of its cultural features and qualities. Its finest quality is its landmark setting in the City of London which is suitable for both controlling and protecting the city. It is set as a gateway to the capital and previously as the gateway to the Norman kingdom. Its location was chosen strategically at the north-end of Thames River and it serves as a separation point between the powerful monarchy and the developing capital city. The tower served a double role as a protection provider for the city through the defence walls and structure as well as the structure to control the citizens. The tower was a very tall building and it was the highest in its surrounding till the 19th century (Parnell 32). The tower also served as a symbol of Norman power as it was built to demonstrate the Norman power. The Tower significantly represents the Norman Conquest of the 11th century more than

FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security

FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security A Self-Versatile FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security A Research Report for the DSCI 60998 Capstone Project in Digital Sciences Course Vamsi Krishna Chanupati Ramya Ganguri Kent State University Fall Semester, 2016 Abstract Wireless communication networks are subjected to vulnerable attacks. The extent of attacks is rising day by day. The proposed work shows the extent of attacks growing in every-day life and a counter method to minimize the extent of these vulnerable attacks. Several studies shows that new and more stable security methods need to be developed by considering information safety, confidentiality, authentication and non-repudiation in the wireless sensor networks. The proposed study shows a self-adoptable FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security using application-independent core process IP, UDP and TCP protocols as well as ARP and ICMP message plots. The altered quickened figure outline utilizes information subordinate changes, and can be utilized for quick equipment, firmware, programming and WSN encryption frameworks. The approach exhibited demonstrated that figures utilizing this approach are more averse to endure interruption of differential cryptanalysis than as of now utili zed famous WSN figures like DES, Camellia. In this report an overview of existing FPGA algorithms for application level network security is examined and a new FPGA algorithm is proposed. Keywords: FPGA, WSN encryption, computer aided systems design. Introduction The Purpose of the Study (Statement of the Problem) With the developing dependence of business, government, and additionally private clients  on the Web, the interest for fast information exchange has swelled. On a specialized level, this  has been accomplished by enhanced transmission advancements: 10 Gb/s Ethernet is now in  across the board reasonable use at the ISP and server farm levels, gauges for 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s speeds have as of now been figured. The information volume exchanged at these velocities introduces a huge test to current efforts to establish safety, particularly while going past straightforward firewalls and additionally considering payload assessment, or even application- level conventions. Wireless Sensor Networks are most pre-dominant with this speeds and it is very difficult for customary programmable processors are to stay aware of these speeds. A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a gathering of spatially dispersed, free gadgets that gather information by measuring the physical or ecological conditions. A portion of the conditions are being measured is temperature, weight, dampness, sound, position, lighting, and use data. These readings, as information, are gone through the network, are ordered and sorted out, and later it is conveyed to end client. WSNs are utilized for some applications like power framework controls, modern process checking and control, human wellbeing observing. Generally, these WSNs tend to require a considerable measure of energy to work, yet diminishing the power is needed for the framework, It builds the lifespan of the sensor gadgets and also leaving space for the battery-fueled applications. As an option, both programming customized committed system handling units and equipment quickening agents for these operations have been proposed. The utilization of reconfigurable rationale for the last permits more noteworthy adaptability than hardwiring the usefulness, while yet permitting full-speed operation. This research gives a detailed description of present day FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and examines the extent of security level standards in the existing FPGA algorithms. The proposed research study has free key preprocessing which gives elite in regular keys trade. The prime objective of this research is to design an application level network security algorithm using FPGA. This research incorporates the study of various possible threats and vulnerable attacks in wireless communications networks and their effects. It includes the detailed study of design and implementation of application level network security algorithms on FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) The Justification/Significance of the Study This research proposes a self-adoptable FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security for application level wireless network security. A lot of research is required on wireless network security, to improve the performance efficiency and to make the system smart. The research on the latest trending technologies, and a proposed solution to a problem will be carried out in this project, hence it is justified. This research study is a part of huge project, which involves the use of FPGA for network security. The basic design of the proposed research remains the same although the scale of the projects varies. The study will include the research in FPGA algorithm development WSN encryption and computer aided systems design. Different views on the technology design, its applications and implementation will be presented in the research report. This research also adds to current research going on in field of the application level wireless network security, Data encryption and crypto-analysis. The Research Objectives The objectives of this research are Wireless level networks and analysis of security issues This step involves the study of the existing techniques in wireless network security. The research of the existing literature reveals that the wireless sensor network security techniques have been proposed for network security by some researchers and the existing models does not consider the use of feistel ciphers in the research. Design of the algorithm model The model to be proposed uses self-adoptable FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) for application level network security. A new FPGA based algorithm is designed in order to decrease the extent of attacks in application level network security. It shows that new and more stable security algorithms need to be developed to provide information safety and confidentiality in the networks. This is useful in minimizing the vulnerable attacks in application level networks. There are several other indirect applications of the model to be proposed. Literature Review A survey on FPGA for network security that was presented by Muhlbach (2010) depicts an execution of an intrusion detection system (IDS) on a FPGA for network security. Various studies have analyzed string-coordinating circuits for IDS. A strategy for producing a string based coordinating circuit that has expandability of handling information width and radically lessened asset prerequisites. This circuit is used for packet filtering for an intrusion protection system (IPS). An apparatus for consequently creating the Verilog HDL source code of the IDS circuit from rules set is developed, utilizing the FPGA and the IDS circuit generator, this framework can redesign the coordinating origin relating to new interruptions and attacks. The IDS circuit on a FPGA board has been assessed and its exactness and throughput is calculated. There are various methods, which depicts the usage of Simple Network Intrusion Detection System (SNIDS) detailed explanation is given by Flynn, A (2009), basic equipment arrange interruption recognition framework focusing on FPGA gadgets. SNIDS snoops the activity on the transport interfacing the processor to the Ethernet fringe center and identifies the Ethernet outlines that match a predefined set of examples demonstrating malevolent or refused content. SNIDS depends on an as of late proposed engineering for high-throughput string coordinating. This method executes the SNIDS utilizing the Xilinx CAD (Computer Aided Design) devices and tests its operation on a FPGA gadget. Moreover, programming instruments that empower programmed era of a SNIDS center coordinating a predefined set of examples. They exhibit the utilization of SNIDS inside a practical FPGA framework on a chip associated with a little system. Chan et al. exhibited that the PIKE plans include lower memory stockpiling necessities than arbitrary key circulation while requiring practically identical correspondence overheads. PIKE is as of now the main symmetric-key predistribution plot which scales sub-straightly in both correspondences overhead per hub and memory overhead per hub while being flexible to an enemy fit for undetected hub bargain. PIKE appreciates a uniform correspondence design for key foundation, which is difficult to irritate for an assailant. The dispersed way of PIKE likewise does not give a solitary purpose of inability to assault, giving versatility against focused assaults. There are certain challenges to be overcome while designing an FPGA algorithm for application level network security, a detailed explanation and analyses is given in (Koch Cho., 2007). The first and difficult challenge is designing an FPGA based algorithm for network security. The system to handle and analyze such data should be super-fast and compatible. The existing hardware is able to do many operations to handle the data; however, special computing systems should be designed to process larger data in shorter time. Another challenge in this area is to secure the data that is generated by multiple sources of different nature. The data needs to be processed before analyzing it for pattern discovery. The data generated is not necessarily complete because of different usage cases of the device. In addition, this feature is used to predict the events of a device and manage every other device and network connected to the device for efficiency, performance and reliability. Preparing abilities in wireless network hubs are ordinarily in view of Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) or programmable microcontrollers. In any case, the utilization of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) gives particular equipment innovation, which can likewise be reprogrammable in this way giving a reconfigurable wireless network framework. The incomplete reconfiguration is the way toward altering just areas of the rationale that is executed in a FPGA. Accordingly, the comparing circuit can be adjusted to adjust its usefulness to perform diverse assignments. This adjustment ability permits the usage of complex applications by utilizing the fractional re-configurability with low power utilization. This last element additionally speaks to a critical perspective when FPGAs are connected in wireless network frameworks. These days, the wireless network frameworks are required to give an expanding exactness, determination, and accuracy while diminishing the size and utilization. Also , FPGAs and their fractional re-configurability permit us to furnish wireless network frameworks with extra properties like high security, preparing abilities, interfaces, testing, arrangement, and so on. The present capacities of FPGA designs permit not just execution of basic combinational and consecutive circuits, additionally the incorporation of abnormal state delicate processors. The utilization of incorporated processors holds numerous uncommon points of interest for the fashioner, including customization, out of date quality moderation, and segment and cost lessening and equipment increasing speed. FPGA implanted processors utilize FPGA rationale components to fabricate inside memory units, information and control transports, interior and outer fringe and memory controllers. Both Xilinx and Altera give FPGA gadgets that install physical center processors worked inside the FPGA chip. These sorts of processors are called hard processors. Such is the situation for the PowerPCà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ 405 inside Virtex-4 FPGA gadgets from Xilinx and the ARM922Tà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ inside Excalibur FPGA gadgets from Altera. Delicate processors are microchips whose design is completely constructed utilizing a hardware description language (HDL). The proposed research uses an efficient method of Self-adoptable FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security. Research Design Description of the Research Design Wireless communication is one of the latest and the revolutionary technology of the last decade. It intends to connect every device on the planet wirelessly. This number could be billions or even trillions. These communication networks have higher transmission speeds and capable of handling the entire load. Security of this wireless communication network plays an important role to keep it robust and yet flexible. Network security is a basic issue for the application of new technologies in every aspect of society and the economy. It is especially critical for e-exchanges, where it is an essential to provide security for the transactions. The future threats to network security are still severe. As per a Computer Security Institute (CSI) survey, companies reported average annual losses of the $168,000 in 2006 and $350,424 in 2007, up forcefully from (Hao Chen Yu Chen, 2010). This data reflects both the serious circumstance of system security, and also individuals accomplishment in this issue. Focused on attacks have turned into a pattern in system security. A focused attack is a malware targeted to a particular segment. Around 20% of the respondents of the CSI review endured this sort of security attacks are turning out to be more prominent than any time in recent time. Among the type of notorious target attacks, Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack is the most threatening system security. Since 2000, DoS attacks have become quickly and have been one of the significant dangers to the accessibility and unwavering quality of system based administrations. Securing the network infrastructure has turned into a high need because of its fundamental impacts for data protection, ecommerce and even national security (Hao Chen Yu Chen, 2010). Data security principally concentrates on information, data protection and encryption. The following are some of the Requirements for a Successful Security Application. Real-Time Protection: It is key for a powerful data instrument to process information at line-speed with moderate cost. All the data movement is subjected for examination in a convenient way, and alerts are produced precisely when unusual circumstances happen. Flexible Updating: Constantly developing malicious attacks require security answers for be versatile to hold viability. The redesign could be of the learning databases (marks) that the security examination relies on upon, another answer for determining, or even the framework itself. Redesigning an application will frequently be more functional than supplanting it practically speaking. Well Controlled Scalability. Scalability is another basic concern toward functional development. Numerous reported approaches function admirably on a little scale look into system, be that as it may, their execution weakens quickly when conveyed to down to earth scale systems, for example, grounds level systems on the other hand bigger. The principle purpose behind this is framework multifaceted nature for the most part increments at a much more noteworthy rate than the system. In contrast to programming executions, application oriented and very parallel plan standards make equipment usage prevalent as far as execution. For instance, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Stream Reassembly and State Tracking, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) could dissect a solitary TCP stream at 3.2Gbps in (M. Necker, D. Contis 2002). A FPGA-based TCP-processor created by Open Network Laboratory (ONL) was equipped for checking 8 million bidirectional TCP streams at OC-48 (2.5Gbps) information rate. ASIC-based gadgets not just have the upside of elite, accomplished through circuit plan committed to the errand, yet have the potential for low unit cost. Notwithstanding, generous cost alleviation from enormous non-repeating building venture must be accomplished when ASIC gadgets accomplish adequately high-volume creation. Shockingly, this may not be appropriate to network security applications. Steady developing guidelines and prerequisites make it unfeasible to manufacture ASIC-based system security applications at such a high volume. In addition, custom ASICs offer practically zero reconfigurability, which could be another reason that ASICs have not been generally connected in the system security zone. Reconfigurability is a key prerequisite for the accomplishment of equipment based system security applications and the accessibility of reconfigurable equipment has empowered the plan of equipment based security applications. A reconfigurable gadget could be considered as a hybrid equipment/programming stage since reconfigurability is utilized to stay up with the latest. FPGAs are the most illustrative reconfigurable equipment gadgets. A Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a kind of broadly useful, multi-level programmable rationale gadget that can be customized. At the physical level, rationale squares and programmable interconnections make the principle structure out of a FPGA. A rationale square more often than not contains a 4- input look-into table (LUT) and a flip slump for essential rationale operations, while programmable interconnections between pieces permit clients to actualize multi-level rationale. At the plan level, a rationale circuit chart or a high level hardware description language (HDL), for example, VHDL or Verilog, is utilized for the programming that indicates how the chip ought to work. In the gadgets business it is imperative to achieve the market with new items in the briefest conceivable time and to lessen the monetary danger of executing new thoughts. FPGAs were immediately embraced for the prototyping of new rationale outlines not long after they were designed in the mid 1980s because of their one of a kind component of adaptability in equipment improvement. While the execution and size of FPGAs restricted their application in, thickness and speed have brought about narrowing the execution hole amongst FPGAs and ASICs empowering FPGAs to serve as quick prototyping devices as well as to wind up essential parts in installed networks. Description of the Subject Matter(and/or), Procedures, Tasks Current FPGAs share the execution favorable position of ASICs in light of the fact that they can execute parallel rationale works in equipment (Flynn, A., 2009). They additionally share a portion of the adaptability of implanted system processors in that they can be powerfully  reconfigured. The architecture of reconfigurable network platform, called Net Stage/DPR. The  application-free center uses IP, UDP and TCP conventions and additionally ARP and ICMP  messages. It has a hierarchical design plan that permits the quick expansion of new conventions  in modules at all layers of the systems administration.   From figure 1, Handlers are connected to the core by using two different shared buses  with a throughput of 20 Gb/s each, one for the transmit and one for the receive side. Buffers boost the different processing stages and limit the impact of Handler in the processing flow. The  interface between the buffers and the actual handlers acts as a boundary for using dynamic  partial reconfiguration to swap the handlers to and fro as required.   All handlers have the same coherent and physical interfaces to the center framework. The  physical interface comprises of the association with the buffers, strategic flags, for example,  clock and reset. However, the handlers communicate with the rest of the framework simply by  sending and accepting messages (not really relating to real system bundles). These messages  comprise of an inner control header (containing, e.g., charges or state information) and  (alternatively) the payload of a system bundle. In this form, the physical interface can stay  indistinguishable over all handlers, which significantly rearranges DPR. For a similar reason,  handlers ought to likewise be stateless and utilize the Global State Memory benefit by the Net  Stage center rather (state information will then simply turn out to be a piece of the messages).   This approach avoids the need to explicitly reestablish state when handlers are reconfigured.   Incoming packets must be routed to the fitting Handler. In any case, utilizing the Handler  may really be arranged onto diverse parts of the FPGA. In this manner, we require an element  routing table that coordinates the message encapsulated payloads to the suitable administration  module. Our routing table has the standard structure of coordinating convention, attachment, and  address/net mask information of an approaching bundle to discover the related Handler and it can  get information for a whole subnet. On the transmitting side, handlers store active messages into  their departure cushions, where they will be grabbed by the center for sending. This is done  utilizing a straightforward round-robin approach, yet more perplexing plans could, obviously, be  included as required. On the off chance that bundles are bound for a Handler with a full entrance  cradle, they will be disposed of. Nonetheless, since the greater part of our present handlers can work at any r ate at the line rate; this will not happen with amid standard operation. Bundles for  which a Handler is accessible disconnected (not yet arranged onto the gadget) will be checked  before being disposed of, in the long run bringing about arranging the Handler onto the FPGA.   This technique does not ensure the gathering of all bundles yet speaks to a decent tradeoff  between speed whats more, many-sided quality. In this case that no fitting Handler exists  bundles will be discharged immediately. From Figure 2, The system can perform the self-ruling of a host PC. A committed  equipment unit is utilized as Controller of an implanted delicate center processor, since the last  would not have the capacity to accomplish the high reconfiguration speeds. Since of the capacity  prerequisites the Handler bit streams are put away in an outside SDRAM memory, and sustained  into the on-chip arrangement get to port (ICAP) by utilizing quick exchanges. For effective  results, underlying execution requires isolate bit streams for each Handler, comparing to the  physical area of the in part reconfigurable regions. To this end, the SDRAM is composed in  groups, which hold various forms of every Handler, tended to by the Handler ID and the  objective Slot number. For more accurate implementation we set the group estimate to the  normal size of every Handlers bit stream. In a more refined execution, we could utilize a solitary  bit stream for every Handler, which would then be moved to the objective Slot at run-time, and  bit stream pressure strategies to encourage lessen its size. A rule based adjustment system is executed in the Adaptation Engine that deciphers  packets measurements. In particular, bundles at the attachment level got in a period interval.   These measurements are kept for packets for which a Handler is really accessible. The design  looks for quick run queries and insights upgrades (few cycles) not withstanding for high packet  rates (10 Gb/s, bundle estimate Since they depend on similar information structures, the Packet Forwarder and the  Adaptation Motor are acknowledged in a typical equipment module. It contains the rationale for  following insights, deciphering rules, and overseeing Handler-Slot assignments. Double ports  Block RAMs are utilized to understand the 1024-section Rule and 512-section Counter Tables.   Hence, queries to decide the Slot of the goal Handler for an approaching bundle can be  performed in parallel to the run administration whats more, counter procedures. For range  proficiency, the CAM is shared between the capacities. Be that as it may, since the throughput of  the framework is straightforwardly influenced by the Packet Forwarding execution, the  comparing opening steering queries will dependably have need while getting to the CAM. Since  the CAM is utilized quickly for every procedure, it wont turn into a bottleneck. The Packet  Forwarder rationale puts the goal Handler opening for an approaching parcel in the yield line.  The sending gaze upward is pipelined: by beginning the procedure when convention, IP address  and port number have been gotten, the looked-into goal opening will by and large be accessible  when it is really required (once the bundle has gone through the entire center convention  handling). Since parcels will be neither reordere d nor dropped some time recently the Handler  arrange, basic lines suffice for buffering look-into results here. Since not every approaching  parcel ought to be numbered (e.g., TCP ACKs ought to be disregarded), the Adaptation Engine  utilizes a different port to upgrade the Counter Table just for particular bundles. The Rule  Management subsystem acknowledges orders from the administration organize interface through  a different FIFO, and has an inward FIFO that monitors accessible line addresses in the Rule  Table. From Figure 3, The FPGA locales for every Slot have been measured to 1920 LUTs  (only twice as the normal module measure). All openings have rise to region about demonstrate   that module sizes are moderately close. This rearranges the adjustment handle, since else we  would need to play out different sweeps while selecting on-line/disconnected hopefuls (one for  each unique Slot measure class). The dynamic halfway reconfiguration times and the subsequent  number of conceivable reconfigurations every second for the ICAP recurrence of 100 MHz we  utilize. We demonstrate the times not just for the 1920 LUT Slots we have utilized additionally  for both littler and bigger decisions (the best size is application-subordinate). By and large, LUTs  are not rare while acknowledging bigger Slots; however the predetermined number of accessible  Block RAMs can oblige a plan to fewer than 16 Slots if a Slot requires committed Block RAMs.  Considering the total adjustment opera tion, the time required is ruled by the real reconfiguration  time, as ICAP throughput is the restricting figure. Every single different process is  fundamentally speedier. For instance, the procedure to look over every one of the 512 Counter  Table passages to locate the following competitors requires just around 3 µs at 156.25MHz clock  speed, an immaterial time relative to the reconfiguration time (Hori Y, Satoh.2008)   Possible Errors and Their Solutions The following are the possible errors accustomed in FPGA, tampering threats such as destructive analysis, over- and under-voltage analysis, and timing analysis. Using destructive analysis, each layer of the device is captured to determine its functionality. This process requires expensive equipment and expertise. Timing analysis and over- and under-voltage analysis do not require expensive equipment, but are error prone, so are less frequently used to reverse-engineer complex FPGA designs. Also, timing analysis on an FPGA is deterministic, so the time taken from input to output can be determined by passing a signal through a multiplexer. Findings Wireless communication is one of the latest and the revolutionary technology of the last decade. It intends to connect every device on the planet wirelessly. This number could be billions or even trillions. A Self Adoptable FPGA for application level network security is must in order to have effective network security (Sascha Andreas, 2014). Since they depend on similar information structures, it contains the rationale for following insights, deciphering rules, and overseeing Handler-Slot assignments. Block RAMs are utilized to understand the section Rule and section Counter Tables. This method has very low security and the security standards can be easily cracked. (Deng et al. R. Han, 2006) created INSENS, a protected and Intrusion tolerant routing algorithm for application level security in wireless Sensor Networks. Excess multipath routing enhances interruption resilience by bypassing malignant nodes. INSENS works effectively in the nearness of interlopers. To address asset requirements, calculation on the network nodes is offloaded to asset rich base stations, e.g. registering routing tables, while low-multifaceted nature security techniques are connected, e.g. symmetric key cryptography and one-way hash capacities. The extent of harm delivered by interlopers is further constrained by limiting flooding to the base station and by having the base station arrange its bundles utilizing one-way grouping numbers. (Kang et al. K. Liu 2006) investigated the issue of versatile network routing algorithm. Regardless of the possibility that area data is checked, nodes may in any case get into mischief, for instance, by sending an extreme number of packets or dropping packets. To powerfully maintain a strategic distance from un-trusted ways and keep on routing packets even within the sight of attacks, the proposed arrangement utilizes rate control, parcel planning, and probabilistic multipath routing joined with the trust-based course choice. They examined the proposed approach in detail, sketching out effective decisions by considering conceivable attacks. They analyzed the execution of their strong network routing protocol and its performance in various situations. Several algorithms are proposed by researchers in order to improve the efficiency of application level network security, every method has its own merits and demerits. A new method to improve the algorithmic efficiency has been proposed in this research by examining all the previous algorithms. Proposed method will be high efficient when it is related to the existing techniques. The new algorithm proposed uses spacecraft network standards of communications by upgrading the data transfer processing speed to higher performance speeds with the available standards. Analysis This research is concept based and discusses the feasibility of FPGA in application level wireless communication networks to enhance applications. This study reviews the existing literature thoroughly and also proposes the use of FPGA to be applied as the next version to the application level network security The model to be proposed uses self-adoptable FPGA for application level network security. A new FPGA based algorithm is designed in order to decrease the extent of attacks in application level network security. It shows that new and more stable security algorithms need to be developed to provide information safety and confidentiality in the networks. This is useful in minimizing the vulnerable attacks in application level networks. The applications of the proposed model are infinite. FPGA intends to strong network security. Therefore, these are not specific to any field or application. There are different classifications of the applications. These classifications are required for better understanding and not necessarily research requirements. These are useful to the users in a way that increases the extent of safety and security of data in wireless data transmission. The performance analysis in network security is determined based of the extent of vulnerable attacks. The proposed algorithm is not tested further research is required for implementing this algorithm in a real time platform. Conclusions Restatement of the Problem With the developing dependence of business, government, and additionally priv